The American Enterprise Institute has released a study which predicts EFCA, and its resulting increased union density, could cost 4.5 million jobs and reduce the gross domestic product by as much as 4%. The study notes a disproportionate effect upon small businesses and start ups. From 2003-2006  8,802 certification elections were conducted. Twenty-one percent were conducted at firms with less than ten employees, fifty-five percent at businesses with less than 30 employees, and 84 percent were at businesses with less than 100 employees.